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FAQs
Hymenolepiasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology? ›
Hymenolepiasis is the most common intestinal tapeworm infection of humans caused by worm of family cestoda, genus Hymenolepis and species nana. This infection does not require an intermediate host and infection can occur directly from one infected person to another by fecal-oral transmission.
What is epidemiology of Hymenolepiasis? ›EPIDEMIOLOGY. The dwarf tapeworm, H. nana, is found in most warm regions of the world. It is the most common cestode infection in the southeastern United States and Latin America, and it is common throughout southern Europe, Russia and the former Soviet republics, and the Indian subcontinent.
What is the etiology of Hymenolepiasis? ›Hymenolepiasis is caused by two cestodes (tapeworm) species, Hymenolepis nana (the dwarf tapeworm, adults measuring 15 to 40 mm in length) and Hymenolepis diminuta (rat tapeworm, adults measuring 20 to 60 cm in length).
What is the pathogenesis of Hymenolepis nana? ›Hymenolepis nana is unique in that it can bypass the intermediate host, and humans can also become infected by ingestion of eggs on contaminated fomites. In this direct cycle, the eggs hatch in the lumen of the small intestine to release an oncosphere, and the oncosphere invades an intestinal villus.
How is hymenolepiasis diagnosed in the laboratory? ›The diagnosis of infection with Hymenolepiasis is made by direct examination of eggs in concentrated stool specimen. Multiple stool examinations increase the yield of testing. H nana egg in an unstained wet mount.
What is the epidemiology of a parasite? ›In a parasitological context, epidemiology is the study of infectious diseases and disease-causing agents at the population level. It seeks to characterize the patterns of distribution and prevalence of the disease and the factors responsible for these patterns.
What is molecular epidemiology of infectious diseases? ›Molecular epidemiology describes a process of identifying the genetic basis of disease, including variants within hosts and pathogens that influence infection, transmission, and prevention.
What is the drug of choice for hymenolepiasis? ›Praziquantel is the treatment of choice for dwarf tapeworm infections. Niclosamide and nitazoxanide are the alternative drug options. Adults and children: 25mg/kg in a single dose.
Is hymenolepiasis zoonotic? ›Hymenolepiasis is a globally prevalent zoonosis of the monoxenic cycle. Humans acquire the disease through fecal-oral transmission by ingesting food or water with infective eggs from infected rodents.
How is Hymenolepis nana spread? ›H. nana is transmitted directly from person to person and, less frequently, by contaminated food or water. H. nana infection shows higher prevalence in Central America and is detected in 5%–25% of children [63] and 1% of young school children in the southern United States.
What is the definitive host of hymenolepiasis? ›
Indirect 2-host cycle: Rodents are the primary definitive hosts, and grain beetles, fleas, or other insects feed on contaminated rodent droppings as intermediate hosts; humans can become infected by ingesting parasitized insects.
What is the vector of hymenolepiasis? ›Hymenolepiasis is the most common intestinal tapeworm infection of humans caused by worm of family cestoda, genus Hymenolepis and species nana. This infection does not require an intermediate host and infection can occur directly from one infected person to another by fecal-oral transmission.
What is the unique trait of Hymenolepis nana? ›Therefore, H. nana appears to be truly unique in its ability to develop tailed cysticercoids in beetles and tailless cysticercoids in mammals. These unique evolutionary characteristics are discussed in relation to other cyclophyllidean cestodes, including Taenia solium and Echinococcus spp.
How can you tell the difference between Hymenolepis nana and diminuta? ›Differentiation from H. nana can be done on the basis of the size of the mature worm and the appearance of the scolex and eggs. Hymenolepis diminuta is larger (20-60 mm long by 4 mm wide) than H. nana (25-40 mm long by 1 mm wide).
What is the diagnostic stage of Hymenolepis diminuta? ›H. diminuta is 20 to 60 cm in length. Human infection is usually asymptomatic, it but can cause mild gastrointestinal symptoms. Diagnosis is by finding characteristic eggs in stool.
Which diagnostic test confirms tapeworm infection? ›Diagnosis of Taenia tapeworm infections is made by examination of stool samples; individuals should also be asked if they have passed tapeworm segments. Stool specimens should be collected on three different days and examined in the lab for Taenia eggs using a microscope.
What is the epidemiology of Strongyloides? ›Strongyloidiasis is endemic to the tropics and subtropics; it has limited foci elsewhere, including Appalachia and the southeastern United States. Estimates of global prevalence range from 30–100 million.
What is the epidemiology of the fish tapeworm? ›EPIDEMIOLOGY. Diphyllobothrium latum biotypes are mostly shallow freshwater littorals with vegetation favoring the development of copepods and fish. Infection with this parasite is most prevalent in areas of the North Temperate and sub-Arctic zones, where freshwater fish are commonly consumed.
What is the epidemiology of hookworm? ›Hookworm is one of the neglected tropical diseases listed by WHO. Neglected tropical diseases resulted in 46–57 million disability-adjusted life years lost and they account the top 4th leading cause of communicable diseases (3). Each year 3000–6500 people die due to hookworm.
What is the epidemiology of giardiasis? ›In industrialized countries, prevalence rates are 2% to 5%. Giardiasis constitutes a significant cause of epidemic diarrhea among children in the developing world, with prevalence rates reaching 15% to 20% in those under 10 years.